The Inertia of Light and the Isotropic and Anisotropic Properties of Electro-magnetic Mass
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2019
Pages:
18-32
Received:
6 August 2019
Accepted:
16 September 2019
Published:
29 September 2019
Abstract: Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication: “Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well known law in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
Abstract: Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept beca...
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On the Extent of the Existence of Broad Line Region in Seyfert Galaxies
Oyor David Ifeanyichukwu,
Ogwo Jemima Ngozi
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2019
Pages:
33-38
Received:
29 July 2019
Accepted:
21 September 2019
Published:
9 October 2019
Abstract: We present statistical results from a very large sample of Seyfert galaxies (217,272 galaxies) obtained from SDSS DR10 (Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10). From their observed parameters which includes; flux of hydrogen alpha (Hα), luminosity distance and velocity dispersion, we computed other relevant parameters such as; bolometric luminosity, black hole mass and mass accretion rate, which enabled us classify these Seyfert galaxies into Seyfert 1s (188,486 galaxies) and Seyfert 2s (28,786 galaxies). Analyses on these computed parameters revealed that Seyfert 2 galaxies were less luminous, more massive and accrete less matter than the Seyfert 1 galaxies. Further analysis on Seyfert 2s based on their mass accretion rate led to their classification into hidden broad line region (HBLR) Seyfert 2s (12,988 galaxies) and non-hidden broad line region (non-HBLR) Seyfert 2s (15,798 galaxies) which shows that, the HBLR S2s accrete more matter than the non-HBLR S2s. All the results obtained suggest that the bolometric luminosity alone is not sufficient in determining the extent of the existence of the BLR in Seyfert 2 galaxies rather the mass accretion rate should be taking into consideration in determining the appearance and disappearance of the BLR.
Abstract: We present statistical results from a very large sample of Seyfert galaxies (217,272 galaxies) obtained from SDSS DR10 (Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10). From their observed parameters which includes; flux of hydrogen alpha (Hα), luminosity distance and velocity dispersion, we computed other relevant parameters such as; bolometric luminosi...
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